How do biological sex and societal gender roles impact the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?. This third brief in our NCD series, produced by Percept and funded by ASSA, explores the complex relationships between biology, gendered expectations, and health outcomes in South Africa. From the biological risks post-menopause to the impact of “masculinity” on health-seeking behaviour, this research provides vital evidence for better resource allocation and health policy. Read the full brief below.