The topic of energy modelling was identified by ASSA’s PIF as a critical issue in public policy discussions. The research captured in this paper was conducted by a member of ASSA as part of the broader public interest work on which the PIF has embarked. This paper is provided for informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as professional, legal, or financial advice. In publishing this paper, ASSA makes no warranty and assumes no liability in connection with its use. The author would like to extend his gratitude to ASSA for their support – their commitment to this research has been invaluable. The author of this paper sincerely appreciates the insights from the numerous reviewers that were involved in the refining and enhancement of this work, whose feedback and critique were instrumental in shaping the final paper.